![]() The Indonesian police have been empowered to lead the counterinsurgency operation against the Free Papuan Movement (OPM). So-called "Indonesian security forces" use police actions against uprisings of Papuans in the most Eastern province. Since the September 11 attacks, states have militarily pursued individuals they deem terrorists within the borders of other states in a form of police action that is not clearly defined in the international law. The United Nations approved police action during the 2011 military intervention in Libya to protect civilians. Nonetheless, Congressional approval has been asserted by means of funding appropriations or other authorizations as well as the contested War Powers Resolution. The legal legitimacy of each of these actions was based upon declarations such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and Iraq Resolution by Congress and various United Nations resolutions. In other events, the Congress (of the United States) had not made a formal declaration of war, yet the President, as the commander-in-chief, has claimed authority to send in the armed forces when he deemed necessary, with or without the approval of Congress. The Soviet–Afghan War was an undeclared war and hence also could be described as a police action, especially since the initial troop deployments into Afghanistan were at the request of the Afghan government. The Vietnam War and the Kargil War were undeclared wars and hence are sometimes described as police actions. Shortly after the secession of Biafra in 1967, the Nigerian military government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory beginning the Nigerian civil war. Truman referred to the United States response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea as a "police action" under the aegis of the United Nations. ![]() In the early days of the Korean War, President Harry S. The 1948 action, by India, against Hyderabad State, code named Operation Polo, was referred to as a police action by the government. The two major Dutch military offensives, of July 1947 and December 1948, during the Indonesian National Revolution were referred to by the Dutch government as the first and second politionele acties. The various Banana Wars, from Apto August 1, 1934, were called police actions by the US government. It was also used to imply a formal claim of sovereignty by colonial powers, such as in the military actions of the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Western powers during conflicts such as the Indonesian National Revolution and the Malayan Emergency. The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition called it in its 1933 issue a localized military action undertaken without formal declaration of war by regular armed forces against persons (as guerrillas or aggressors) held to be violators of international peace and order. The Dutch term politionele acties (police actions) was used for this. The earliest use of the phrase dates back to 1883, describing attempts by Dutch and British forces to liberate the 28-man crew of the SS Nisero, who were held hostage in Sumatra. ![]() Rather, nations involved in military conflict (especially the great powers) sometimes describe the conflict by fighting the war under the auspices of a "police action" to show that it is a limited military operation, different from total war. Since World War II, formal declarations of war have been rare, especially military actions conducted by the Global North during Cold War. In the 21st century, the term has been largely supplanted by " counter-insurgency". In security studies and international relations, a police action is a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war. Military action undertaken without a declaration of warĭutch troops during Operation Kraai, a police action which took place during the Indonesian National Revolution in 1948.
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